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Strategic Document – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2024

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: 2006
NATIONAL DEFENCE STRATEGY: 2008

NO CHANGES IN 2023

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National interests and goals (as defined in the Strategies):
Protection and consolidation of National interests and goals (as defined in the Strategies): Establishing and developing security system institutions that will be able to respond to all risks and threats // Accession to international security conventions, European and Euro-Atlantic structures

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Main threats:
Political and social animosities caused by the war and nationalist extremism // Incomplete implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement // Problems related to political transition // Critical regional points, such as Kosovo and Metohija

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Main principles of national security policy:
Democratic, civilian control of the military and parliamentary oversight // Transparency of defence-related activities, including defence planning and budgeting // Integration into Euro-Atlantic collective security structures

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Regional cooperation:
Bosnia and Herzegovina has no territorial claims involving neighbouring and other states, nor does it perceive neighbouring and other states as hostile and a possible threat to its territorial integrity and sovereignty. Therefore, it is especially important that BiH further develops good neighbourly relations based on the principles of equality and cooperation. Improving good relations and cooperation with neighbours and countries in the wider region, the development of democratic processes in these countries, and the process of their European integration have a positive impact on strengthening the internal security of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Regional threats:
South-east remains the most sensitive area of today’s Europe. Efforts toward secession, autonomy and independence of certain ethnic groups are still present in this area, which, together with the relatively high concentration of military capacities, further complicates the overall security situation.

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Relations with NATO:
The key element for achieving the unquestionable collective military security of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to become a member of NATO, as in that case its national sovereignty and territorial integrity would be guaranteed by the Alliance. Membership in the Partnership for Peace is the first step in that direction. Further reform in the field of defence, which will lead to full professionalisation, equipping and training the BiH Armed Forces in accordance with NATO standards, will enable BiH to make a significant contribution to achieving the goals of the Security Policy in the future.

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Relations with the EU:
The commitment to gradual integration into the European Union implies readiness to accept the provisions, legal structure and organisational mechanisms of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy.

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International military cooperation:
As an active participant in collective security at the global level through membership in the United Nations, the OSCE and the Council of Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is engaged in international peace efforts.

2024 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Strategic Documents – Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Women in Defence System – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2024

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National Action Plan 1325:

The third national action plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Women, Peace and Security Agenda expired in 2022 and new is not yet developed. However, the new Gender Action plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2023-2027 includes a chapter on Gender and Security, which states the goals to be achieved in the area by 2027. In addition, the key topics of the third local action plan on 1325 are mainstreamed in other strategic documents dealing with migration and asylum seeking, prevention of terrorism and control of small arms and light weapons.

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Participation of women in the MoDs and the Armed Forces:

Compared to the previous research, the total number of professional military personnel and civil servants shows an increase in the representation of women by one percent, but women stagnate in the ranks of officers, non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. According to data from the Ministry of Defence of BiH, the Armed Forces had about 8734, soldiers and 791 civilian employees in 2023. Among them, there are 758 women as uniformed personnel or 9 percent of the total number, while 107 women or 45 percent work as civilians. Women make up a quarter of the civilian employees of the Ministry of Defence. In the Armed Forces, about 143 women, or 8 percent of the total number, are officers in the ranks of brigadier, colonel, major, captain, lieutenant, and second lieutenant. A positive development is that in 2023, the Armed Forces received their first female pilot, Draženka Panić. Furthermore, there are 148 female non-commissioned officers, or about 6 percent of their total number. These are the ranks of sergeant, senior sergeant, sergeant first class, staff sergeant and chief sergeant. Finally, around 12 percent constitute female enlisted personnel.

According to the media reports, about 270 women in the Armed Forces identify themselves as Bosniaks regardless of their religion. Until recently, wearing hijab in the military was not allowed by the rules of service. The policy changed after Emela Mujanović, one of the hijab-wearing soldiers, sued the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina for discrimination. To solve the problem, Defence Minister Zukan Helez recently proposed changes to allow the wearing of headscarves of the same material and colour as the uniform.

 
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Representation of women in command and leadership positions:

There are 69 women appointed to leadership positions in the Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces. The highest rank held by women in the Armed Forces of BiH is still that of Colonel. Nevertheless, two women and 36 men, who hold the rank of brigadier, are awaiting appointments to the rank of general.

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Participation of women in peacekeeping operations:

After an institutional deadlock in decision-making, the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina made a decision in 2023 to deploy two members of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the UN in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and three members of the Armed Forces to the European Union (EU) Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTMRCA).

      1.  Gender action plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2023-2027, February 2023, https://arsbih.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GAP-BiH-2023-2027-Bosanski-jezik-1.pdf 
      2.  Radio Slobodna Evropa, „U Oružanim snaga BiH sve više žena, nijedna sa činom generala,“ [There are more and more women in the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, none with the rank of general], 16 May 2023, https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/bosna-hercegovina-zene-vojska/32413772.html
      3. Hercegovina info, „JEDINA ŽENA PILOT U ORUŽANIM SNAGAMA BiH Draženka je savladala sve prepreke i sada ruši tabue,“ [THE ONLY WOMAN PILOT IN THE ARMED FORCES OF BIH Draženka has overcome all obstacles and is now breaking taboos], 10 December 2023, https://www.hercegovina.info/vijesti/bih/jedina-zena-pilot-u-oruzanim-snagama-bih-drazenka-je-savladala-sve-prepreke-i-sada-rusi-tabue/219633/
      4. Radio Slobodna Evropa, „Uposlenice sa hidžabom ‘problem’ za pravosuđe BiH,“ [Female employees with hijab a ‘problem’ for the judiciary of Bosnia and Herzegovina], 29 August 2023, https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/bih-sudovi-pravosudje-hidzab/32569534.html
      5. Ibid.
      6. Preporod info, „OSBiH angažirane u dvije mirovne misije: BH. put od konzumenta do aktera kolektivne sigurnosti,“ [Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina engaged in two peacekeeping missions: BH. the path from the consumer
        to the actor of collective security], 25 December 2023, https://preporod.info/bs/article/48457/osbih-angazirane-u-dvije-mirovne-misije-bh-put-od-konzumenta-do-aktera-kolektivne-sigurnosti

2024 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Women In Defence System – Bosnia and Herzegovina

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International Military Cooperation – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2024

MILITARY EXERCISES

Based on the response from the MoD of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was estimated that there were 14 military exercises. Nine of the 14 exercises were multilateral, with four conducted with NATO and three US-led multilateral exercises. Two of these multilateral exercises were regional, with one being the “Strong Balkan 23 (B-9),” and the second one was the one in which the military medical team took part in an exercise organised by the Balkan Medical Task Force (BMTF). There were five military exercises in 2023. Two were done with Turkey, with Bosnia and Herzegovina being an observer in the “Anatolian Phoenix 2023” exercise. While the regional initiative Adriatic Charter (A-5) held an exercise called “Laufer 23”, Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in it on a bilateral basis with Croatia. One bilateral exercise was held with Italy. Bosnia and Herzegovina also took part in an exercise, “Adriatic Strike 2023”, gathering NATO members and NATO partner countries. The MoD of Bosnia and Herzegovina classified this exercise as a bilateral exercise, but it was impossible to determine the partner country for this exercise.

DONATIONS

The response from the MoD did not include information on foreign military donations. Based on an open-source search, it is estimated that the EU was the largest donor to the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the total value being EUR 26 million. Under the European Peace Facility (EPF), the EU pledged an Assistance Measure to Bosnia and Herzegovina worth EUR 10 million for demining efforts. In addition, the EU approved further EUR 10 million for field equipment, military engineering tools and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) material for the Tactical Support Brigade. The donations also involved the EUR 6 million Assistance Measure under the EPF for the Balkan Medical Task Force. Germany donated EUR 410.000, with EUR 350.000 being the value of IT equipment for the Training Centre for Peace Support Operations (PSOTC) and the EUR 60.000 support for the demining battalion.

2024 – Balkan Defence Monitor
International Military Cooperation – BiH

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Defence expenditure – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2024

Although military expenditure of Bosnia and Herzegovina has increased comparing to previous years, it remains the lowest in the region – below 1% of GDP. 1

2022

Share of GDP 0,69%

Based on the federal budget for 2023 (adopted in April 2023), the initial defence budget is increased by  approximately 27%. However, the balance sheet for 2023 has not been adopted yet, but only the report on actual expenditure from January 1, 2023, until September 30, 2023. Based on that information, the military spending of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not seem to be significantly increased in 2023 either. The 2024 budget has not been adopted yet.

Traditionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina allocates the majority of its defence budget on personnel costs. The MoD has the largest number of employees among state institutions in the country and the highest share in the total amount of gross salaries. Still, the biggest turnover of personnel is evident at the MoD because of the implementation of provisions of the Law on the Armed Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina related to the prescribed age limit. Namely, the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were in a transitional period starting from 2010 when the majority of military personnel were discharged from the Armed Forces due to age limit. The transition continued in the following years, which involves the dismissal of one generation of military personnel who reached the prescribed age limit and the admission of a new generation. For instances, until the end of September 2023, the total of 501 employees were discharged from the MoD, while 225 new employees were hired.3 The dynamics of hiring new military personnel significantly impacts the expenditure on personnel.

Arms and equipment expenses are documented in the budget and balance sheets under the aggregated category Equipment procurement, without providing further details on types of procurement. The MoD initiated multi-year projects which include overhaul of helicopters (for instance, repairs and overhaul of Gazelle helicopters or procurement of spare parts for UH-1H helicopters) and purchase of specialized motor vehicles. However, additional funds for these projects were not provided in 2023.

2024 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Defence Expenditures – Bosnia and Herzegovina

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International Military Cooperation – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2023

MILITARY EXERCISES

The number of international military exercises in which Bosnia and Herzegovina participated was assessed through the response of the MoD and the analysis of publicly available sources. Based on those, it was estimated that there were 9 military exercises. Most of them were conducted through NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme or with major NATO powers such as the US and Turkey. Beyond international military exercises, particularly striking was the NATO exercise “Combined Effort 22”, an evaluation exercise based on the NATO Operational Capabilities Concept (NEL-2), for which the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina received a positive assessment. The military medical team from Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in an exercise that was organised by the Balkan Medical Task Force (BMTF).

DONATIONS

It is estimated that the US was a great source of donations to the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2022. That year, the US Congress approved USD 23 million in aid to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the form of two new helicopters to develop helicopter capacities within its Armed Forces. This package, besides the helicopters themselves, also included spare parts, multi-annual maintenance and pilot training.¹ In July 2021, Bosnia and Herzegovina also received a donation of 21 Humvees (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle – HMMWV), valued at USD 2.6 million. This donation was part of the bigger package of 86 HMMWV vehicles worth USD 14.3 million. These vehicles will be delivered as the production continues. 79 of 86 vehicles were delivered to date, starting from 2016.²

TOP FOREIGN DONORS 2022

United States of America
EUR 25,600,000

  1.    Response of the Press Office of the US Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
  2.    Ibid.

Bilaterally, Bosnia and Herzegovina also received EUR 1.1 million (USD 1.14 million) from Germany, for repairing military infrastructure related to army barracks. Unlike in 2021, there is no record of military donations from Turkey and China. Bosnia and Herzegovina received donations from
multilateral and regional institutions. Among them was a EUR 10 million donation from the EU as part of an assistance measure under the European Peace Facility (EPF), in the form of de-mining equipment, with transportation vehicles and ambulances to be supplied at a later date. Within the project “Safety and Security Upgrade of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ammunition and Weapons Storage Sites (SAFE-UP BiH)”, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation (OSCE) and state donors invested EUR 2 million in upgrading the country’s capacity to secure and manage arms and ammunition stockpiles during the five years of the project’s implementation. The South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC), a joint initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) donated IT equipment of unspecified value to the Bosnian military, intended for the standardisation of the military training on gender.

No members of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in peace missions in 2022. Due to the decision-making deadlock in the institutions, there was a temporary freeze in the rotation of contingents of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in peace missions. However, the new Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina decided to continue the participation of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in all three missions, implying that the exact number of troops will be the same as in 2021.

2023 – Balkan Defence Monitor
International Military Cooperation – Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Women in Defence System – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2023

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National Action Plan 1325:

The third local action plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the women, peace and security agenda expired in 2022. In 2021, the BiH Agency for Gender Equality published the final evaluation report on the implementation of UNSCR 1325 “Women, Peace and Security” in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2018–2022.

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Participation of women in the MoDs and the Armed Forces:

The number of members of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defence is limited by the Law on the Budget of BiH Institutions and by international obligations of BiH to have 10,000 professional military personnel (generals,
officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers) and 1,000 civilians employed in the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.¹ The total number of employees in the defence system is currently 8,482, and women make up 8.2% of professional military personnel (674). According to data from 2023, the number of women among the civil servants and employees in the MoD is currently 100, which is 43.1% of total number of civil servants (232). When it comes to the share of uniformed women among officers, non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and soldiers, Bosnia and Herzegovina has 6.7% female officers (120), 4.9% NCOs (127) and 11.1% soldiers (427). Compared to 2019, there is a decrease in the representation of women in the total number of professional military personnel and civil servants, but there is also a slight increase in female officers and soldiers.

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Representation of women in command and leadership positions:

There are currently 106 women in leadership and commanding positions, i.e. 4.2% of the total number of employees in the MoD and AF. The highest rank held by women in the Armed Forces of BiH is still that of Colonel, while a woman headed the Ministry of Defence from 2015 to 2019.

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Participation of women in peacekeeping operations:

There are currently no members of the Ministry of Security and the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina engaged in peacekeeping missions.

      1. Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, O oružanim snagama Bosne i Hercegovine [On the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina], 2022,
        http://os.mod.gov.ba/o-oruzanim-snagama-bih/misija/Default.aspx?id=41&lang-Tag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1

2023 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Women In Defence System –
Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Defence expenditure – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2023

Military expenditure of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been almost the same in the past five years, both nominally and as the share of GDP.¹

The Parliamentary Assembly has not adopted a federal budget in a timely manner since 2018.
The budget is usually adopted during, or at the end of, the year to which it pertains. Due to a political
crisis, the federal budget for 2021 was not been adopted at all, and quarterly decisions on temporary
financing were adopted on the basis of the 2020 expenditure. The 2022 budget was adopted only
in July, while the budget for 2023 has not been adopted yet. Balance sheets, presenting the actual
expenditure, are adopted regularly and in a timely fashion.

2021

Share of GDP 0.74%

 

Almost 90% of the defence budget in 2021 and 2022 was spent on personnel due to the political deadlock, which obstructed planning and allocation of resources. Bosnia and Herzegovina generally spends the largest portion of its defence budget on personnel costs, while the arms and equipment share has not exceeded 4% since 2017. Budget and balance sheets contain aggregated sums and sources of funding for rather general categories of expenses. For instance, arms and equipment expenses can be found under the aggregated category Equipment Procurement. The documents also include narrative reports with the rationale behind some general categories, i.e. monthly personnel turnover.

    1. Due to the complexity of the budget system, it is methodologically challenging to calculate the military expenditure of BiH as a share of the total government expenditure, comparable to other countries in the region. Namely, the two entities have independent budgets that, then, allocate funds upward to the federal budget, which includes the defence budget.

2023 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Defence Expenditures –
Bosnia and Herzegovina

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2023-SD-BIH

Strategic Document – BiH – 2023

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: 2006
NATIONAL DEFENCE STRATEGY: 2008

NO CHANGES IN 2022

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National interests and goals (as defined in the Strategies):
Protection and consolidation of National interests and goals (as defined in the Strategies): Establishing and developing security system institutions that will be able to respond to all risks and threats // Accession to international security conventions, European and Euro-Atlantic structures

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Main threats:
Political and social animosities caused by the war and nationalist extremism // Incomplete implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement // Problems related to political transition // Critical regional points, such as Kosovo and Metohija.

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Main principles of national security policy:
Democratic, civilian control of the military and parliamentary oversight // Transparency of defence-related activities, including defence planning and budgeting // Integration into Euro-Atlantic collective security structures

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Regional cooperation:
Bosnia and Herzegovina has no territorial claims involving neighbouring and other states, nor does it perceive neighbouring and other states as hostile and a possible threat to its territorial integrity and sovereignty. Therefore, it is especially important that BiH further develops good neighbourly relations based on the principles of equality and cooperation. Improving good relations and cooperation with neighbours and countries in the wider region, the development of democratic processes in these countries, and the process of their European integration have a positive impact on strengthening the internal security of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Regional threats:
South-east remains the most sensitive area of today’s Europe. Efforts toward secession, autonomy and independence of certain ethnic groups are still present in this area, which, together with the relatively high concentration of military capacities, further complicates the overall security situation.

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Relations with NATO:
The key element for achieving the unquestionable collective military security of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to become a member of NATO, as in that case its national sovereignty and territorial integrity would be guaranteed by the Alliance. Membership in the Partnership for Peace is the first step in that direction. Further reform in the field of defence, which will lead to full professionalisation, equipping and training the BiH Armed Forces in accordance with NATO standards, will enable BiH to make a significant contribution to achieving the goals of the Security Policy in the future.

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Relations with the EU:
The commitment to gradual integration into the European Union implies readiness to accept the provisions, legal structure and organisational mechanisms of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy.

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International military cooperation:
As an active participant in collective security at the global level through membership in the United Nations, the OSCE and the Council of Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is engaged in international peace efforts.

2023 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Strategic Documents – Bosnia and Hezgegovina

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Women in Defence System – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2022

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National Action Plan 1325:

Bosnia and Herzegovina was the first country in the region to adopt the local action plan on 1325, which made it one of the pioneers in translating the UN women, peace and security agenda to the local level. The country has taken a proactive approach in developing action plans and is the only one that already has the third action plan for the period 2018-2022. The BiH local action plan has a strong human security dimension and attaches great
importance to regional and international networking.

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Participation of women in the MoDs and the Armed Forces:

The number of women among the civil servants and employees in the MoD is currently 111, out of 235 (47.23%),
while the number of women among the professional military personnel is 601, out of 8,639 (6.96%). Although the
percentage of women civilians has increased, the share of women in the armed forces has remained
 almost unchanged in the last five years.¹ When it comes to the share of uniformed women among officers,
non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and soldiers, Bosnia and Herzegovina has 98 female officers, 121 NCOs and 328 soldiers. Progress is difficult to track because the available data are inconsistent. For example, NATO Headquarters Sarajevo reported in 2020 that the percentage of women serving in the MoD and the AF BiH is 8.1%.² However, using a different methodology, UNDP/SEESAC reported that the percentage of women in uniform in the MoD in 2019 was in fact 5.2%, and in Armed Forces BiH – 6.5%, whereas the share of uniformed women among the officers was 4.5%, the NCOs – 4.2%, and soldiers – 8.6 %.³

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Representation of women in command and leadership positions:

There are currently 96 women in commanding positions, which is 1% of the total number of employees in the MoD and AF (9,425). The highest rank held by women in the Armed Forces BiH is still that of Colonel, while a woman headed the Ministry of Defence from 2015 to 2019.

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Participation of women in peacekeeping operations:

In 2019, Bosnia and Herzegovina had 8.6% of women among its military personnel engaged in peacekeeping missions.4 Data from other reports show that 8 female police officers from Bosnia and Herzegovina took part in the UN police, and that 24% of the female personnel took part in the OSCE field operations.5 According to the latest data of the MoD, from 2022, a total of 8 officers are currently engaged in three missions: MINUSMA (2 officers), MONUSCO (3) and EUTM RCA (3). However, the share of women in peacekeeping missions is not known because the Ministry failed to present gender-segregated data.

      1. See 3.1.2 Participation of women in the army, police and peacekeeping missions in the UNSCR 1325 Implementation
        Action Plan “Women, Peace and Security” in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2018-2022, October 2017, https://arsbih.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/180718_Prijedlog-AP-UNSCR-1325_2018-2022-u-BiH.pdf
      2. https://jfcnaples.nato.int/hqsarajevo/jezici-bosne-i-hercegovine/vijesti-iz-nato-staba-sarajevo/2020/11092020
      3. United Nations in Serbia, The Position of Women in the Armed Forces in the Western Balkans. UNDP SEESAC, 23
        December 2021, https://serbia.un.org/en/166414-position-women-armed-forces-western-balkans
      4. Ibid, p. 29
      5. SIRPI, Women in Multinational Peace Operations in 2021: What is the State of Play? https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/women_in_multilateral_peace_operations_in_2021-what_is_the_state_of_play.pdf

2022 – Balkan Defence Monitor
Women In Defence System –
Bosnia and Herzegovina

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International Military Cooperation – Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2022

MILITARY EXERCISES

In the last three years, Bosnia and Herzegovina predominantly did join multinational exercises with NATO and partner countries, with the exception of bilateral annual exercise with the United States of America. AFBiH members participate in multinational exercises organised under the auspices of U.S. Army Europe and Africa or NATO. They also join in exercises organised within regional initiatives, such as the B-9 forum or the US-Adriatic Charter (A5). The exercises are mainly focused on building interoperability for joint action in multinational operations. It also participated in two air operations exercises in 2021, as part of the Balkan Medical Task Force and as part of the team for tactical aircraft guidance.

DONATIONS

The largest foreign donor in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the United States, which donated four Huey II helicopters, 41 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (Humvee), as well as emergency situations, IT and light infantry equipment over the past three years. Turkey signed a deal with Bosnia and Herzegovina to donate roughly 12,270,000 EUR for arms and equipment, provided that it is ordered from the Turkish defence industry, while China donated engineering machines.

TOP FOREIGN DONORS (2019-2021)

United States of America
EUR 51,287,841
Turkey
EUR 12,299,802
China
EUR 1, 432, 995

2022 – Balkan Defence Monitor
International Military Cooperation –
Bosnia and Herzegovina

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